In the past, it was more focused on the role of vitamin D in biological activities, such as maintaining mineral homeostasis and regulation of bone turnover. While recently the importance of this vitamin further enhanced by the identification of vitamin D receptors in various tissues including lymphocytes T, macrophages, thymus tissue and pancreatic beta cells. According to high prevalence chronic diseases and widespread vitamin D deficiency in the world, the present review study was to investigate the relationship between vitamin D and effective metabolism of biomarkers. In order to find the available studies on the role of vitamin D in inflammation, adiponectin, insulin resistance in chronic diseases and perform a review study search was done the databases Medline, Pub med, Science Direct. Recent evidence suggests that vitamin D plays an important role in regulating the inflammatory process involved in the development and progression of chronic diseases. Since the inflammatory process can interfere with normal glucose metabolism and insulin signaling pathways that affect insulin resistance, this hypothesis is whether vitamin D can be effective through the inflammatory process and adiponectin on glucose homeostasis. According to epidemiological and clinical data, the beneficial effects of vitamin D primarily by increasing insulin sensitivity and secretion and the subsequent impact on the inflammatory process. The need for further studies with emphasis on the role of anti-inflammatory vitamin D as a result of the relationship between vitamin D and chronic disease in cardiovascular disease and diabetes-related disorders seems to be necessary.